Nanomaterials for cancer therapy: current progress and perspectives Nano-carriers such as liposomes, micelles, dendritic macromolecules, quantum dots, and carbon nanotubes have been widely used in cancer treatment. Biophys. Res. Res. 47(4), 287296 (2017), A. Prasanna et al., Smart drug delivery systems for cancer treatment using nanomaterials. Cancer biomarker; Cancer diagnosis; Nanoparticle. This gradient in the pH profile between pathological cells and normal cells can be exploited for controlled drug release. Nanotechnology for early cancer detection. Liposome-based drug carrier systems have been developed to prolong the circulation time of the drugs and reduce toxicity to healthy tissues around. Mesoporous silica nanomaterials (MSNs) have emerged as another class of drug delivery carriers, due to their surface properties such as large surface area, uniform porosity, stability, low toxicity and narrow size distribution [217]. Messersmith, D.J. 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This complexity allows a prompt reaction to the high concentration of stimuli, but not to low concentrations, achieving controlled specificity [65]. 8600 Rockville Pike FOIA Generally, only small quantities of nanomedicine are used for pre-clinical and clinical trial studies. A pH sensitive nanoplatform can generate heat, following light absorption upon irradiation with near-IR (NIR) light and due to the toxicity of DOX, offering a potential multimodal nanomedicine for efficient cancer treatment [199]. 69(17), 6932 (2009), J. Wan et al., Docetaxel-decorated anticancer drug and gold nanoparticles encapsulated apatite carrier for the treatment of liver cancer. Colloids Surf. In vivo fluorescence imaging revealed the distribution of the drug in organs and these carbon nanospheres exercised antitumor effect in SCID mice bearing oesophageal tumors. There is an exponential growth in the field of nano-based sensing and drug delivery [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20]. Other major nanomaterials that have noticeable contribution in drug delivery are carbon-based nanostructures and mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Ramadass et al., Paclitaxel/epigallocatechin gallate coloaded liposome: a synergistic delivery to control the invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Proc. NanoBiotechnology 3(1), 4045 (2007), A. Verma, V.M. Recently, nanotechnology and nanoparticles have attracted great interest in cancer therapeutics as they can provide improved and targeted drug delivery systems to overcome the drawbacks of conventional chemotherapy. Natl. Furthermore, the manufacturing of nanomedicine products for commercialization is a key obstacle, as large scale-production is technically challenging. These nanocarriers were stable and their release was reported to be pH responsive. Macromol. Nanotechnology for cancer diagnostics: promises and challenges. Smart Magnetic Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Cancer. ACS Appl. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that resveratrol conjugated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles had two-fold lower IC50 and IC90 values in comparison to only resveratrol [253]. Ghaffari et al., Functionalization of ZnO nanoparticles by 3-mercaptopropionic acid for aqueous curcumin delivery: synthesis, characterization, and anticancer assessment. Cellular uptake of larger particles (50nm spheres and 40nm stars) was higher when compared to 13nm spheres, establishing that the size and shape of the nanoconstructs not only influenced the kinetics of cellular uptake but also affected intracellular distribution as depicted in Fig. Drug Deliv. Nanotechnology can stop diseases internally, and even slow down aging process. Artif. Another key issue is the challenge of regulatory approval of nanomedicines, as there are no specific guidelines set by FDA for the products with nanomaterials. It is recommended that additional studies must be carried out to address the toxicity concerns, since the metal-based nanoparticles are easy to tune with the required properties for efficient loading of drugs and their potential may be excessively high in the field of biology and medicine. Eng. 15(5), 17911799 (2018), D. Cui et al., Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor-targeted gadolinium oxide-based multifunctional nanoparticles for dual magnetic resonance/fluorescent molecular imaging of prostate cancer. The advent of nanotechnology has revolutionized the arena of cancer diagnosis and treatment. Biomater Res. Docetaxel-loaded galactosamine combined with polydopamine-modified nanoparticles synthesized from d-a-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate-poly(lactide) (Gal-pD-TPGS-PLA/NPs) were found to inhibit the growth of HepG2 cells more effectively than TPGS-PLA/NPs, pD-TPGS-PLA/NPs, and a clinically available docetaxel formulation (Taxotere). Mater. However, most of the research is limited to in vivo and in vitro studies, and the number of approved nanodrugs has not much amplified over the years. Rapid Commun. 171, 133138 (2017), A.A. Bhirde et al., Targeted killing of cancer cells in vivo and in vitro with EGF-directed carbon nanotube-based drug delivery. Nanoparticles are classified into several main categories. Biomaterials 34(31), 77157724 (2013), M. Kumar et al., N-desmethyl tamoxifen and quercetin-loaded multiwalled CNTs: a synergistic approach to overcome MDR in cancer cells. Chem. Mater. Evol. Moreover, they have gained commercial importance because of their tunable drug release kinetics. This approach bypasses the absorption step across the intestinal epithelium required after oral administration [28]. All samples were stained with 0.5% uranyl acetate for 1min. Sci. Mater. prepared a polymeric micelle by incorporating temozolomide (TMZ) and anti-BCL-2 siRNA based on tri-block copolymer conjugated with folic acid as outlined in Fig. 12, 67596769 (2017), N. Karki et al., Functionalized graphene oxides for drug loading, release and delivery of poorly water soluble anticancer drug: a comparative study. The in vivo studies have further established that tumor volume reduces post-PDT as demonstrated by the decrease in fluorescence intensity. Hobbs et al., Regulation of transport pathways in tumor vessels: role of tumor type and microenvironment. They point to the fact that just because a material is nanosized, it does not mean it is dangerous, indeed. Iran. Mater. pp. Payload delivery capacity depends on how effectively drugs have been packaged, and how drug release mechanisms are programmed into the nanosystems. J. Pharm. Int. Nanoscience 5, 3056 (2019), R.A. Revia, M. 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However, the detection of cancer in the early stage has been hindered by the intrinsic limits of conventional cancer diagnostic methods. A unique drug delivery system in which Ag nanoparticles coated with a camptothecin-based polymer prodrug was developed for the sustained release of the drug based on pH sensitivity [151]. 46, 594606 (2018), M. Martnez-Carmona et al., Lectin-conjugated pH-responsive mesoporous silica nanoparticles for targeted bone cancer treatment. Healthc. The CFPAC-1 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell viability decreased, indicating a PEGc polyamide amine-PEG dendrimers anti-cancer effect. Mater. Int. Insightful results have been obtained in the recent past, when cationic liposomes were developed to target the tumors that accumulated in tumor tissues [114, 115]. Colloids Surf. Sci. Drug Deliv. These liposome-based combinational formulations have significant popularity due to augmented anticancer effects, antiproliferative activity, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity while diminishing the systemic toxicity. The drug loading capacity of hybrid material was in the order of camptothecin>protoporphyrin IX>doxorubicin, and displayed enhanced cytotoxicity [211]. Therefore, further advances in understanding tumor biology, understanding EPR effects in varieties of the tumor is essential. This alteration could cause nanoparticles to lose their specificity leading to sub-optimal localization in desired sites or at cellular targets. However, further advancements in nanomedicine will provide breakthroughs that represent a paradigm shift in the treatment of cancer, and can significantly contribute to an improved patient outcome. Usually, targeting based approaches exploit the subtle differences in the expression of substrate molecules between cancer and normal cells. 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Campbell et al., Cationic charge determines the distribution of liposomes between the vascular and extravascular compartments of tumors. C 91, 395403 (2018), G. Arya, M. Das, S.K. These nanoformulations showed better biocompatibility with low toxicity and inhibited tumor growth to a greater extent than curcumin alone. B Biointerfaces 75(1), 118 (2010), F. Masood, Polymeric nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery system for cancer therapy. Thus, to mitigate the problems associated with nanomaterial-based therapeutic agents for cancer treatment, design and development strategies need to be employed before they are used in medicine for better treatment and human life. Rev. Nanotechnology advances in drug delivery deal with the development of synthetic nanometer sized targeted delivery systems for therapeutic agents Currently used drug delivery systems, such as . Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumkur, India supported this work through TEQIP-II. However, the detection of cancer in the early stage has been hindered by the intrinsic limits of conventional cancer diagnostic methods. To develop nanomaterials for specific biomedical applications, surface chemistry design is indispensable. In one of the recent reports the drug release and stability of pH-sensitive Au nanoparticles loaded with 5-fluorouracil capped with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was achieved by incorporating into gel and cream bases [142]. Discusses the limitations of target therapy for some cancer patients. 2023 Apr 4;28(1):28. doi: 10.1186/s11658-023-00442-z. Therefore, in this critical review, we summarize a range of nanomaterials which are currently being employed for anticancer therapies and discuss the fundamental role of their physicochemical properties in cancer management. Shaik, A.S. Shaik, Magnetic single-walled carbon nanotubes as efficient drug delivery nanocarriers in breast cancer murine model: noninvasive monitoring using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging as sensitive imaging biomarker. A recent FDA-approved nano-formulation comprising of liposomal entrapped cytarabinedaunorubicin combination (CPX-351 Vyxeos) has shown 9.6months of overall survival compared with 6.0months of survival for the free form of the drug in patients with newly diagnosed high-risk acute myeloid leukemia [35]. These surface modifiable mesoporous silica nanomaterials have been exploited to deliver curcumin to breast cancer cell lines that were loaded with hyaluronan or polyethyleneimine-folic acid and were tested on mouse xenograft model [221]. Hence nanotechnology has a deep impact on the environment. Solidum JGN, Ceriales JA, Ong EP, Ornos EDB, Relador RJL, Quebral EPB, Lapea JFF Jr, Tantengco OAG, Lee KY. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. In addition to the above discussion, there are tools that are currently available to shield nanomaterials for targeting cancer cells. A few current strategies are based on the chemistry programmed into the nanosystems that are responsive towards pH or temperature, erosion due to the local chemical environment, redox reaction-based release, and enzyme-mediated release as discussed below [62]. Nanoscale 9(43), 1706317073 (2017), X. Xu, F. Hu, Q. Shuai, Facile synthesis of highly biocompatible folic acid-functionalised SiO2 nanoparticles encapsulating rare-earth metal complexes, and their application in targeted drug delivery. Acta Biomater. Active targeting, also known as the ligand-mediated targeted approach, involves affinity based recognition, retention and facilitated uptake by the targeted cells (Fig. Fuster MG, Montalbn MG, Moulefera I, Vllora G, Kaplan DL. Cancer 17, 20 (2016), B. Ruozi et al., PLGA nanoparticles loaded cerebrolysin: studies on their preparation and investigation of the effect of storage and serum stability with reference to traumatic brain injury. Pharm Res. Biol. J. Nanomed. The cellular entry of nanomaterials depends on surface charge [109]. To date, polymeric nanomaterials, metallic nanoparticles, carbon-based materials, liposomes, and dendrimers have been developed as smart drug delivery systems for cancer treatment, demonstrating enhanced pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles over conventional formulations due to their nanoscale size and unique physicochemical characteristics. approaches in cancer treatment are (a) Surgical excision, (b) Irradiation and (c) Chemotherapy. Oncol. In contrast, non-HER2 targeting moieties or non-targeted liposome nanoparticles resulted in the accumulation of particles in the perivascular and stromal space of the tumor site in higher proportion. Tailor-made nanomaterials functionalized with specific ligands can target cancer cells in a predictable manner and . Release 172(3), 782794 (2013), C. Wong et al., Multistage nanoparticle delivery system for deep penetration into tumor tissue. Google Scholar, X. Gao et al., In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots. Adv. Additionally, the size and shape of the nanomaterials impact the drug loading and release, along with the stability [102]. 24(48), 64336437 (2012), P. Shi et al., pH-responsive NIR enhanced drug release from gold nanocages possesses high potency against cancer cells. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. In conjunction to physicochemical properties, the nanomaterial storage and stability may also have an influence on their pharmacological performance [287, 288]. There are two categories of nanosystems, open-loop control systems and closed-loop control systems, grouped according to what activation factors stimulate drug release as schematically shown in Fig. A review on dna nanobots - A new technique for cancer treatment 202, 513522 (2018), V.M. The possibility of using mesoporous silica nanomaterials as potential nanocarriers has driven interest in many biomedical applications. Mater. It is accompanied by a brief description of new nanotechnology methods for diagnosis. 104(5), 462479 (2015), D. Kim, Y.Y. It is anticipated that the nanomaterials will revolutionize the entire health care system based on the dramatic developments made in drug delivery sector over the past few decades. Pros and Cons of Nanotechnology - HRF Nano Lett. The effectiveness of anticancer drug treatment can be achieved only when the administered drug is of proper dosage and display maximal activity in the cancer cells. Small 6(1), 1221 (2010), R. Mout et al., Surface functionalization of nanoparticles for nanomedicine. Dendrimers are multi-branched molecules with functional groups on the surface with an inner core. In vivo studies of MUC1 aptamer-capped mesoporous silica nanomaterials on MDA-MB-231 tumor-bearing Balb/c mice were found to effectively target breast cancer cells and induce a dramatic reduction in cell viability [223]. Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy Based on Chemotherapy Xia et al., constructed a pH sensitive liposome formulation by loading tariquidar (TQR) and doxorubicin to overcome multidrug resistance of drug-resistant ovarian cancer cells. A Transmission electron micrographs of Au nanoparticles displaying 13nm spheres, 50nm spheres and 40nm stars; B cellular uptake kinetics of Au nanoparticles-siRNA constructs by cells showing size and shape dependent uptake; C transmission electron images illustrating the process of cellular uptake after treatment with 0.5nM of Au nanoparticles-siRNA constructs for 24h. The vesicle membranes disrupted by the treatment with 50nm spheres is signified by orange arrows, and the nanoconstructs distributed outside the vesicles is represented by yellow arrows. Due to variable endothelial gaps resulting from vigorous tumorous cell growth, it can result in non-uniform extravasation of nanoparticles into the target area [36]. Nanotechnology in ovarian cancer: Diagnosis and treatment The cells are also counterstained with nuclear fast red. Kuruvilla et al., Dendrimerdoxorubicin conjugates exhibit improved anticancer activity and reduce doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in a murine hepatocellular carcinoma model. Sci. J. Biomed. Studies show that the pH value drops to around 6.5 from physiological pH of 7.4 during the tumoral metastasis or development [66]. Biophys. Also, these platforms can provide competent drug delivery systems responsive to various stimuli to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and reduce the side effects of loaded drugs. 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