Further, no SRs evaluated comprehensive or multi-component school health services. Arora and colleagues did not find any RCTs that looked at the effectiveness of dental health screening versus no screening on improving oral health outcomes, but their search did locate six RCTs from the United Kingdom and India with dental care attendance as the outcome [18]. Building on a method suggested by Shea and colleagues [17], grades of confidence in the results of each SR were generated based on critical flaws and non-critical weaknesses. Leading causes of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 1019 year olds were iron deficiency anemia, road injury, depressive disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrheal diseases [47]. The World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Global School Health Initiative in 1995 with the goal to improve child, adolescent and community health through health promotion and programming in schools [1]. CDC twenty four seven. However, the degree of overlap across all 20 SRs was graded as being small (CCA = 1), while there was high overlap in SRs on mood disorders (CCA = 11). Ukraine war latest: Russia makes first comments on missile strikes In 1995, WHO launched the GlobalSchool Health Initiative, which aimed to strengthenapproaches to health promotion in schools. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. While other pillars of Health Promoting Schools have relevant guidance documents, guidance on school health services is limited and not explicitly evidence-based. School nurses also maintain health records on students who fall outside the typical health care provider systems and whose only source of care may be the school nurse. Meaningful use (MU) of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) is an important development in the safety and security of health care delivery in the United States. S7 Appendix gives the PRISMA checklist that was used. Finally, overlap of primary trials between SRs can bias results of an overview [15]. Health Record to Teacher: Purpose: 1. Excluded full text articles. Telehealth programs are expensive, with mobile telehealth carts costing anywhere from $20,000 to $60,000, which doesn't include costs related to staffing, routine maintenance, and upkeep. School health records give the provision for a school nurse to communicate information to students, families, the school multidisciplinary team, emergency personnel, other healthcare providers, and school nurse substitutes. Two SRs found evidence for the potential effectiveness of educational interventions for children and adolescents with asthma diagnoses (Table 3A) [31,37]. 80% (n = 16) of SRs included in this overview were given ratings of low or critically low confidence using the AMSTAR 2 checklist, although this is not unusual given the stringency of the checklist. The corrected covered area (CCA) was found to be 1, indicating only slight overlap between the 20 SRs. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hennegan and Montgomery assessed the effectiveness of hardware and software menstrual management interventions (Table 3B) [22]. Depending on the content and approach of the school health assessment, there might be ways to use data gathered from any of these tools to create a generalized view of school health systems, programs, and services in a state, district, school, or community. Journal of school health, 86 (8), 585-594. Quality appraisal of primary studies within included systematic reviews. Further, they strengthen the rigor of included studies and improve decision-making ability. The guidance confirms that disclosures of student educational records (including certain health records) are only permitted by FERPA with the prior written consent of an eligible student or the student's parent/legal guardian (non-eligible student) or if one of the permissive exceptions to the general consent requirement applies. The effectiveness of school-based mental health services was assessed in nine SRs (Table 3C) [19,23,24,28,29,3234,36,39]. A PHR also empowers you to manage your health between visits. . Web Annex B. Meta-analysis found small but statistically significant effect sizes in favor of music therapy for gestural communication, verbal communication, and behavioral problems [23]. Although the CDC does not require the use of the School Health Index, some states and school districts have policies or program requirements to use the School Health Index. No SR examined comprehensive or multi-component school health services, despite the fact that comprehensive services may be more efficient, easier to implement, and more sustainable than single interventions [40]. importance of keeping school records which include the following: 1. In addition, both the Healthy School Report Card and the Healthy Schools Inventory may be used to collect data for evaluation.Are there requirements to use a school health assessment?Yes, in some states and districts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This overview shows that the current SR literature does address mental health, specifically mood disorders. Only three SRs [18,21,25] were scored as having moderate levels of confidence and just one [30] was given a high level of confidence. SRs addressed various intervention types: universal interventions [19,24,28,32,34,39]; targeted interventions for military-connected children [29], children and adolescents at risk for depression and/or anxiety [28,34], refugee and war-traumatized youth [36], and children referred to therapy [33]; and indicated interventions for children and/or adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder [23], depression [24,28,39], or anxiety [24,34,39]. school health services Neil and Christensen analyzed 21 unique anxiety prevention and early intervention programs and found reductions in anxiety symptoms in 78% of the included studies [34]. WHO has long recognized the link between healthand education and the potential for schools to playa central role in safeguarding student health andwell-being. Due to the diversity in outcome measures and intervention intensities, the authors felt unable to make any evidence-based recommendations [30]. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Eleven SRs included only cluster- and individually-randomized controlled trials [1921,24,27,28,30,32,34,37], seven SRs included other types of controlled and uncontrolled experimental studies in addition to RCTs [22,25,26,31,33,35,36], and two SRs included only QEs [29] or controlled clinical trials [23]. These SRs contained 270 primary studies, 225 of which were unique and 45 were included in more than one SR. Further, the exclusion of interventions delivered by non-health providers reduces the quantity and breadth of SRs included in this overview. CCAs can be interpreted as indicating slight, moderate, high or very high overlap with scores of 05, 610, 1115, or >15, respectively [16]. The final three SRs either did not state the locations of included studies [27,34] or provided regions rather than specific country locations [26]. Funding issues. Silver Spring, MD: Author. For more detailed information on how to coordinate these assessments, contact the three organizations by going to the Web sites listed at the end of this document. The gaps in the SR literature identified by this overview will inform the commissioning of new SRs by WHO to feed into evidence-based global recommendations. Can these assessments be used for data in school improvement planning processes at the state or local level?Yes. CDC twenty four seven. 570 were duplicates, leaving 1150 titles and abstracts to be screened. However, this conclusion should be interpreted cautiously due to small effect sizes, small sample sizes, and conflicting evidence on the effectiveness of music therapy between Sullivan and Simonson [36] and Gold and colleagues [23]. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Advancement in the use of EHRs occurred with the passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, which provides incentives for p Records are being kept on students who are well (screening, immunization, and episodic health room care); and students with chronic health conditions (emergency care planning; daily treatment and response data for students with conditions such as asthma; severe allergies; seizure disorders; and Type I Diabetes). Any existing overviews or SRs of SRs that emerged from the searches were not themselves included, but the SRs within them were extracted and screened. Thus, responsibility for interventions may need to be redistributed in countries with limited access to health professionals. In emergencies, school officials can provide information from education records to protect the health or safety of the student or others. In addition to these criteria for included studies, the SRs themselves had to fulfill the following criteria: (a) included the words systematic review in the title or abstract; (b) outlined inclusion criteria within the methods section; (c) published in peer-reviewed journals and indexed before June 15, 2018; (d) published in the English language. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. You may know to keep a file of those records. As part of the records types, the academic records are known as an important asset for . This overview used the corrected covered area (CCA), a comprehensive and validated measure, to determine overlap [16]. The Institute of Medicine (2003) has indicated that EHRs should support delivery of patient care, be key evidence-based data points, improve patient safety, improve efficiency, facilitate management of chronic health conditions, provide outcome analysis, and share data across settings. Copyright 2022 webdev. Data items included the research design of the SR and primary studies, sample description and setting, intervention characteristics, outcomes, meta-analysis results, quality appraisal, and conclusions. It is an important aspect of (school) Administration. For students with chronic health conditions, school nurses and other health care providers play a large role in the daily management of their conditions. Figure 1 shows how school health services uses various methods to support students. Given the wide reach of schools and the fact that school health services already exist in most countries, international guidelines are needed to clarify whether school health services can be effective, and if so, which interventions should and should not be included. Linking School Nurses With Health Care Systems Using EHRs: An To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: We take your privacy seriously. This overview and the upcoming WHO guideline will specifically address school health services delivered by health providers. Vision screening linked with free provision of spectacles, as a component of a comprehensive school eye health program, is an example of a cost-effective form of school health services that may be implemented. Children as young as eight are among dozens injured by a missile barrage fired at Pavlohrad; Russia has built some of the 'most extensive defences in the world' as its leaders fear a major . These items include: (1) overlap (see below), (2) rating of confidence from the AMSTAR 2 checklist [14], (3) date of publication, and (4) match between the scope of the included SRs and the overview itself. A protocol was developed a priori that outlined the overview objectives, aims, operational definitions, search strategy, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and quality appraisal methods. The FRESH framework promotes four pillars: health-related school policies, provision of safe water and sanitation, skills-based health education and school-based health and nutrition services [2]. Maintaining accurate records is essential to provid- ing quality care and protecting the health and safety of children in child care settings. PLoS ONE 14(6): The use of an assessment and action planning process provides a coordinated framework for school improvement and wellness efforts. Table D. Classification of primary studies within included systematic reviews for use in corrected covered area calculation. The significance of records management to public healthcare facilities and institutions includes operational cost reduction and elimination of duplicated overhead costs; eliminates the creation. First, an overview is unlikely to include the latest evidence if recent primary studies have not yet been included in SRs. Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex A. Compendium, WHO guideline on Electronic health records: An essential tool in keeping students healthy (Position Statement). Following the recommendation of the AMSTAR 2 developers [17], individual ratings were not combined into an overall score. A meta-analysis of two studies on sanitary pad provision found a moderate but statistically non-significant effect on school attendance. Items 2, 3 and 4 of Ballard and Montgomerys four-item checklist for risk of bias in overviews of reviews, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US. We would like to thank Tomas Allen for his guidance and support in designing the search strategy. Walter and colleagues found that family asthma educational programs for children and their parents or caregivers improved quality of life for both caregivers and children, and decreased asthma exacerbations for children [37]. Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work. The School plays a very important role in health education and promotion at the crucial stage of childhood and adolescence. Why are there different school health assessments?Different school health assessments are available to address specific areas of concern in school health and school improvement efforts. High overlap can contribute to biased results [15]. Table E. AMSTAR 2 checklist with designations of critical and non-critical. Table B. Students from the most diverse and complex clinical settings come to school and require care that must be coordinated with acute care records in order to assure efficient, effective care, making schools an effective partner for Accountable Care Organizations. In the remaining twelve SRs, 50% to 74% of included studies fulfilled all the inclusion criteria [19,20,2225,28,31,32,3436]. Among 1014 year olds, the leading causes of death were lower respiratory infections, drowning, road injury, diarrheal diseases, and meningitis [47]. Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometrics and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt (LMU) Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany, Affiliation: Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Why Certain School Records Are Important to Keep - Understood You can review and change the way we collect information below. To investigate the effectiveness of school health services for improving the health of school-age children and adolescents, a systematic review of systematic reviews (overview) was conducted. The Secondary Education Commission has recommended the maintenance of cumulative record of each pupil by the class teachers. The study assessed a group counseling intervention and found no statistically significant effects on the prevalence of anxiety, self-esteem, internalizing behavior or externalizing behavior [29].