We find out that a magnitude of 7.1 is 20 times bigger (on a seismogram, in terms of amplitudes) and ~89 times stronger (in terms of energy release) than a 5.8 magnitude. Rating earthquakes helps engineers determine which ones are going to cause the most damage so they can warn people in advance. Decayed pilings broken off. WebIntensity Witness Perceptions and Damage; I: Felt by very few people; barely noticeable. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 94, 1728-1736. Large landslides. Steering of automobiles affected. Empirical relationships between the macroseismic intensity and the groundmotion parameters (peak ground acceleration [PGA], peak ground velocity [PGV]) for western China are derived in this study. Intensity ratings Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, 653. Like passing train, Books off shelves. Add categories to the /doc subpage. Pull over, stop, and engage the handbrake. and Wenbin, S. (2010) Seismic hazard maps of Yangon and its surrounding areas. Modified Mercalli intensity VIII is roughly correlated with peak accelerations of about one-quarter that of gravity ( g = 9.8 metres, or 32.2 feet, per second squared) and ground velocities of Chicago, IL: "Many residents of the Windy City reported a strong tremor last night; some sleepers were awakened by what they described as 'a loud, crashing sound. After this activity, students should be able to: Each TeachEngineering lesson or activity is correlated to one or more K-12 science, Ft. Smith, AR: "Drinkers at the Moose Lodge complained of tainted liquor at the lodge bar, after a number of drinkers reported feeling a strong swaying sensation. In the ASN, standards are hierarchically structured: first by source; e.g., by state; within source by type; e.g., science or mathematics; Some walls may fall. www.teachengineering.org/activities/view/cub_natdis_lesson03_activity3, Search curriculum by Common Core standards, Natural Disasters: Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Tornadoes & More. Khin and Win [7] reported that the macroseismic intensities were up to a level of VIII in a radius of 150 km from its source. It describes the damage left by an earthquake, not the actual force of the earthquake. Historical documents indicate that a severe earthquake occurred somewhere in the Midwest, and the effects were felt over a wide area. Ask the students: With Words and Pictures: Have students write a sentence on the bottom of each page of their information booklet describing their illustration of the Mercalli Scale rating. During 1929-1930 AD, there were five earthquakes within the magnitude of range 7.0 - 7.3 Richter that occurred in the Myanmar region. and damage. A number of different intensity scales have been set up during the past century and applied to both current and ancient destructive earthquakes. It also triggered numerous landslides, floods, and even volcanic eruptions. simulated, basing on either actually recorded or synthesized 3-D digital strong-motion data. (Answer: the damage left by an earthquake) Today we will learn more about this scale. Motions up to an intensity VIII+ in the MM Scale can be. Proceedings of the 5th World Conference Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, 13-18 January 1969. All 100,000+ K-12 STEM standards covered in TeachEngineering are collected, maintained and packaged by the Achievement Standards Network (ASN), XI. Black stars are the locations of past earthquakes whereas the ground shaking intensities are illustrated in terms of gradual color of the MMI scale. It is a 12-point scale, ranging from sites that experience barely perceptible vibration (MM I) to those that experience total devastation (MM XII). Louisville, KY: "The Captain's Restaurant reported $3000 damage due to broken china and glassware. WebThe Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM,MMI, or MCS), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for Based on careful review, there are 10 isoseismal maps of earthquakes within the magnitude range of a 4.6 - 8.0 Richter scale that have been reported over the past 94 year period (1912-2006 AD) (Figure 1 and Table 1). The amplitude of shaking is 10 times larger. can't directly convert the Richter or Magnitude scale to the Mercalli scale, video from Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, Check out 7 similar earth and weather calculators , Social Media Time Alternatives Calculator. (1956) A comparison of earthquake accelerations with intensity ratings. Felt by almost everyone, some people awakened. Besides the Sumatra-Andaman Subduction Zone in the western part, Myanmar also has own great strike-slip active faults called the Sagiang Fault Zone [2]. any damages caused by any errors or omissions in the data, nor as a result of the Small objects moved. For example, MMI 6 corresponds to a peak ground velocity of about 50 mm/s.Intensity is easy to use, even for historic earthquakes. Pendulum clocks stop, start, change rate. A good website to visit is: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/ngdc.html. What does it measure? WebThe one important intensity scale that does not have twelve degrees (now that the Rossi-Forel Scale is no longer much in use) is the seven-degree Japanese Meteorological Agency Scale (EMS-98), the Modified Mercalli Scale (MM or MMI) and the JMA scale, although the latter is not widely used in practice any longer to assign intensities. Pittsburgh, PA: "Several reports of gentle shaking were received at police headquarters. Union of Burma Journal of Science and Technology, 1, 241-251. Earthquake Calculator. Strength Comparison (Grade Geological Survey, national and government databases and reports, earthquake and tsunami Many poor buildings damaged, Significant damage. M.Sc. Few, if any, structures standing. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 65, 139-162. Relationship between the PGA (cm/s2) and the MMI scale. AAA and DDD are calculated thanks to complex mathematical models predicted by seismograms. (1992) Dependence of strong ground motion on magnitude-distance, site geology and macroseismic intensity for shallow earthquakes in Greece: I, peak horizontal acceleration, velocity and displacement. 3 - May feel like a heavy truck passing by. The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale | U.S. Geological Survey Units serve as guides to a particular content or subject area. The Modified Mercalli intensity scale ( MM, MMI, or MCS ), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli 's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. a project of D2L (www.achievementstandards.org). We thank the Publication Counseling Unit (PCU), the Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University for a critical review and improved English. The earthquake "size" which is the energy released is. A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. The methodology is simple. 135-138. Noticeable indoors, especially on upper floors, but may not be recognized as an earthquake. =\YUgeFY#r\Qsa7`og:_:U7h|3o bR9c[O?qCvm(3yoQ^JJ[6t^C5b&jk$ox*o u&l[j}psjs.vBt/T@U_t/GONY|LP +:i.&TpN;0gM[URRY" catalogs, post-event reconnaissance reports, journal articles, newspapers, internet From Figure 2, it is revealed that the series of MMIPGA calibration vary in individual MMI range. If engineers can develop better technology for predicting the size and force of earthquakes, then cities and communities can work to keep themselves from harm. II. Students learn about the Mercalli Scale for rating earthquakes.copyrightCopyright http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/US_Navy_110320-M-0145H-063_A_large_ferry_boat_rests_inland_amidst_destroyed_houses_after_a_9.0_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami_struck_Japan_March.jpg. Pictures fall off walls. However, these contents do not necessarily represent the policies of the Department of Education or National Science Foundation, and you should not assume endorsement by the federal government. Pairs Check/Sharing with the Community: Have students share their booklets with a partner or the person next to them. This relationship, if substantiated, will be particularly useful in real-time applications for damage prediction or engineering parameter determination for earthquake ground shaking posed in or nearby to Myanmar. On 23rd May 1912, two earthquakes of a magnitude of Mw 8.0 devastated Myanmar. the Mercalli Scale (From Walker, 1982). It measures the effects of an earthquake at a given location, distinguished from the earthquake's inherent force or strength as measured by seismic magnitude scales (such as the "Mw" magnitude usually reported for an earthquake). Counts toward Master of Disaster badge. magnitude Intensity scales date from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, before seismographs capable of accurate measurement of ground motion were developed. Freeman, San Francisco, 768. Some damage to reinforced masonry; none to reinforced masonry designed to resist lateral forces. WebThe effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is referred to as its intensity. Description of Source: The Significant Earthquake database originated from the Significant Earthquake Catalog Rails bent slightly, Near total damage. Official websites use .gov Difficult to stand. Natural Science Vol.4No.8A(2012), Article ID:21664,7 pages DOI:10.4236/ns.2012.428082, Relationship between Modified Mercalli Intensity and peak ground acceleration in Myanmar, Earthquake and Tectonic Geology Research Unit (EATGRU), Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Pailoplee.S@gmail.com, Received 27 June 2012; revised 25 July 2012; accepted 11 August 2012, Keywords: Isoseismal Map; Modified Mercalli Intensity; Peak Ground Acceleration; Myanmar. Learn how the Richter scale measures magnitude and the Mercalli scale measures intensity of an earthquake. Background: The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale WebThe U.S. employs the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale, which uses Roman numerals from I (not felt) to X (extreme). In the MMI-PGA relationship, each MMI level was examined independently and the PGA corresponding to that particular MMI level was calculated according to Equation (1). to Present (1979). ", 23. Students learn about the types of seismic waves produced by earthquakes and how they move through the Earth. ", 2. There are two commonly-used ways of rating earthquakes: 1) the Richter scale and 2) the Mercalli Scale. IX. Financial support is acknowledged from the Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University through the Thai Government Stimulus Package 2 (TKK2555: PERFECTA); The National Research University Project of CHE; and the Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund (Project Code CC508B). WebIn the United States, we use the Modified Mercalli (MMI) Scale. Empirically, the macroseismic intensity is most frequently related to the PGA because this engineering ground-motion parameter is the most commonly correlated parameter to structural damage and it is important for seismic resistant structure design [12]. WebModified Mercalli Intensity Scale CREDIT: Northern Illinois University Earthquake magnitude measures the strength of an earthquake, or the amount of energy that is released. ""Many residents ran into the street in panic during the severe shaking, though building damage was mostly restricted to a few cracked chimneys. on the date and time of occurrence, latitude and longitude, focal depth, magnitude, VIII. A modified version of his scale is still in use today. EARTHQUAKE SIMULATOR - APOLO11.COM <>>> However, in practice, a physically based ground-motion measure is needed particularly for engineering purposes. Layer the three pieces of white copy paper in one stack with one piece of construction paper on top for the cover. Hand sanitizer will be available, and social distancing is encouraged at the festival so you can have fun safely exploring dozens of amazing science activities, both indoor and out! Figure 3. Explain the different levels of the Mercalli Scale using words or pictures. Read the newspaper reports for each city and assign Mercalli intensity values to each of the reporting areas based on the classifications in Table 1 above. Earthquake templates. Although it confounds many variables, Neumann, F. (1954) Earthquake intensity and related ground motion. Engineering to Prevent Natural Disasters: Save Our City! Indicate the intensity values on the map. However, according to the limitations of the available PGA data in Myanmar, in particular for the past 100 years of earthquake events that are reported only as isoseismal maps, then here the PGA is assumed for this calibration. The easiest way to do this is to print out the map and write the values by the dot for each city. How much bigger was it? In Hansen, R. J. Landslides. Thus, for the reduction of earthquake hazards in Myanmar, earthquake hazard situations should be realized and the standard building code should be modified accordingly to withstand such ground movement. where Y is the PGA which is in g unit (1 g = 981 cm/s2), M is the moment magnitude (Mw), R is the source-to-site distance (km), for randomly-oriented horizontal component (or geometrical mean) b1 = 0.105, b2 = 0.229, b3 = 0, b4 = 0, b5 = 0.778, b6 = 0.162, b7 = 0.251, GB = 1, and GC = 0. Duration can be estimated. Earthquake Intensity 9 Based on this relationship, approximately, what is the magnitude of this earthquake. The Mercalli scale is particularly useful for comparing modern earthquakes with those that occurred before the era of seismographic recording (i.e., prior to 1900)-and for providing estimates of earthquake location, focal depth, and magnitude for these early events. Slight to moderate damage in well-built, ordinary structures. Most masonry and frame structures destroyed with their foundations. Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, Tokyo University, Tokyo, 469-482. It describes the damage left by an earthquake, not the actual force of the earthquake. Earthquake Intensity - Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale. Moment magnitude, for now, is the most reliable way of presenting the relative size of an earthquake especially for large earthquakes. may shake. The San Francisco earthquake of 1906, which measured 8.3 on the Richter Scale. Let's start with a disclaimer, which for some may be obvious: the Richter scale is not widely used anymore, but it still happens to be mentioned erroneously in the news from time to time. Frame houses moved on foundations if not bolted down; loose panel walls thrown out. Chimneys may be slightly damaged. Free K-12 standards-aligned STEM curriculum for educators everywhere. Damage to masonry; partial collapse. Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences. Modified Mercalli Scale Intensity - MercalliXII Focusing to the other region, many empirical equations have been proposed to relate the MMI with PGA (Figure 3). %ylLo.l,2OF$ZyM37M;I!G1/iDeQzVcW8 LrX5jQgAuFov0h{5Nf~B!V*F_`xsT` >,t2}2\PP'Xs5Z:o#W'NTYkGYx+@-{$o_G+XTP7~YF0es FD LBh6_-';mZL'}A%opo &tlUW49"p@ 'V~uR731k]WAErtJ0PeQU7U'M[.mU|mj^uGi}ad>`DRBT>}^Zj# Get to an open space if possible. The Modified Mercalli Scale measures the amount of shaking at a particular location. An important piece of information to keep in mind is that the magnitude scale is logarithmic. In other words, it is comparing amplitudes of waves on a seismogram, not the strength, or energy, of the quakes, according to USGS. X. VII. Circle skirt calculator makes sewing circle skirts a breeze. It occurred in the afternoon, lasted for 10 minutes, and caused tsunamis that affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, New Zealand, Australia, and the Aleutian Islands. ground. Underground pipelines completely out of service. Check out the antipode calculator to learn more! ]sgJ;oYQqmt|Wg4n^~9s The series of MMI-PGA data are distinguished by different symbols and the numbers correspond to the isoseismal maps in Figure 1. Explain the Mercalli Scale on their own through drawing and writing. With the use of an intensity scale, it is possible to summarize such data for an earthquake by constructing isoseismal curves, which are lines that connect points of equal intensity. http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/general/handouts/mercalli.html, Did You Feel It? Thanks for your feedback! Based on the resultant MMI-PGA calibration, the obtained relationship appears as a function of. Considerable damage to ordinary buildings, severe damage to poorly built structures. The intensity scale consists of a series of certain key responses such ", 6. These range from imperceptible shaking to catastrophic Check what you could have accomplished if you get out of your social media bubble. Atlanta, GA: "Cars in the Olympic parking lot were noted to sway slightly during last night's quake. Carbondale, IL: "Major damage was sustained only in new, prefabricated dwellings. Therefore, further work is required to check these PGA values carefully for consistency with those of the instrumentally recorded data. endobj Wholesale destruction. Tonga, Fiji, or another island country in the Pacific probably have the most earthquakes when it comes to earthquakes per area**. See below Earthquake magnitude. Felt by many indoors, few outdoors. WebStep 1 Type the name of the city and the state of the hypothetical earthquake, and then click "Center". Water thrown on banks of canals, rivers, lakes, and so on. Copyright 2023 The Trustees of Okamoto, S. (1973) Introduction to earthquake engineering. Wood and F. Neumann in the 1930s. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K [access date]. The last isoseismal map in Myanmar gathered in this study is from the Mawlaik earthquake on 21st March 1954, western Myanmar, which had a magnitude of an assumed 7.0 Richter and generated a ground shaking of VII-VIII on the MMI scale. Objects thrown up into air. It may be helpful to put the scale up on the board and read it aloud with the students. An earthquake has a single magnitude, but intensity varies with distance. 1 0 obj IU. Boore, D.M., Joyner, W.B. An official website of the United States government. This is a public event. $1 million or more), magnitude 7.5 or greater, Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) X On this scale, intensities up to 5 are felt but cause no damage, while intensities from 6 to 12 cause increasing amounts of damage. 13.5: Lab Exercise (Part A) - Geosciences LibreTexts (Grade 4), Design solutions by safely using tools, materials, and skills. Felt by everyone. Get the inside scoop on all things TeachEngineering such as new site features, curriculum updates, video releases, and more by signing up for our newsletter! These earthquakes generated MMI values in the range of II-VI levels that fulfill the macroseismic investigation for low MMI levels. Refer to the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale page on the US Geological Make sure you understandEarthquake! An earthquake has one magnitude. The Mercalli Scale is based on observable earthquake damage. Ground badly cracked. If time permits, have the students write a sentence on the bottom of each page describing the illustration. The Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM, MMI, or MCS), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. Significant damage was reported to tracks at the new railroad yard. Are there any suggestions for improvement? NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Nowadays, the moment magnitude scale is the most commonly used system. "', 7. Instruct students to illustrate each page to describe the destruction of each level of earthquake based on the 12 point Mercalli Scale. Has anyone ever heard of the Mercalli scale?