(2016). Its been said that their expansion triggered the First Crusaders (1095-1099), whose goal was to recover those lost lands as well as the ones in the Holy Land that was at the time in the hands of Islamic rulers. These were generally simple dormitories that offered travelers food and a place to sleep. Although they are mostly remembered Sponsored: Find a Qualified Financial Advisor. decorative arts display a remarkable uniformity and show innovation. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). In 1071, they defeated the Byzantines at Manzikert near Lake Van, and took the Byzantine emperor Romanus IV Diogense prisoner. So Web"STAR Guides is an outdoor therapeutic program designed for youth and young adults who are struggling with problematic sexual behavior. The Seljuks were ambitious builders who constructed great madrassahs, mosques, hospitals, inns, bridges and roads from stone. Features of Seljuk architecture include gateways with monumental stalactites known as muqarnas. ogival archways and ceramic tiling. Log in Join. The aim of Nizam al-Mulk's educational reform, which was somewhat controversially referred to as "the Sunni restoration," was to curb the influence of revolutionary Ismaili Shiism, which emanated from the Fatimid Empire in Egypt, the fortresses in northern Iranian mountains and the Ismaili clandestine cells in the cities. WebMongol invasions of Anatolia occurred at various times, starting with the campaign of 12411243 that culminated in the Battle of Kse Da.Real power over Anatolia was exercised by the Mongols after the Seljuks surrendered in 1243 until the fall of the Ilkhanate in 1335. Seljq was the chief of a nomadic Turkish tribe. WebTechnology Human adaptation and innovation Farming/agricultural implements Instruments that improve/expedite trade Methods of production The Seljuqs were slaves or hired fighters. Caravanserais or their simpler cousins, khans, were always located to that a caravan could be sure of reaching one by the day's end. Shortly after the conquest of Persia (Iran) and Babylonia (Iraq), a series of decrees were issued, enforcing the old repressive laws on Christians and Jews, and manifestations of intolerance occurred. People who work at Samsung see every challenge as an opportunity to improve the status quo with an all-hands mentality and a dedication to solving tomorrows problems. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Some served as mercenaries in the private wars of Byzantine nobles and occasionally settled on land they had taken. The name is sometimes given to the whole civilization of S Mesopotamia, including the states e, Type of Government Besides being responsible for the orderly running of the vast empire and the establishment of a network of madrasas (called the Nimiyya after him), he wrote a work in the Mirror-for-Princes genre, known as the Siyaset-Nameh, which gives tremendous insight into the working of these bureaucrats-cum-scholars' minds. The Seljuk Empire gave control of Anatolia to many small Turkic beyliks, or princes, which pledged loyalty to the Seljuks. \^/. Caravanserais were huge accommodations, facilities that provided shelter, food and drink for a caravan's full complement of people, animals, and cargo and could also handle its needs for maintenance, treatment, and care. Turks who moved into Anatolia and the Middle East came under the strong influence of Islamic culture. BIBLIOGRAPHY There is evidence that hundreds of these ribats were built. Web-Seljuk Empire has 15k levies and 25k special soldiers (literally the strongest army) and start the 1066 game by invading Caucauses region of Byzantine which they almost always win. The Seljuk Sultanate was the first empire built by a Turkish nomadic tribe from Central Asia. That same century, the descendants of Seljuk migrated to Khwarezm (Chorasmia) in western Cenral Asia, where many of them became Muslims. Trkestan Orientaal's links to Turkic languages users.telenet.be/orientaal/turkcestan ; Turkish Culture Portal turkishculture.org ; It encompasses Asia and Europe . Of these, eight are called sultanhan (literally "sultanis khan") and were all built in the 13 th century. On the other hand, Seljuk authority was maintained in central and east Iran (and in Anatolia under another branch of the family) until the mid-12th century. They include intricately incised and silver-inlaid brass ewers, basins and dishes; animal-shaped incense burners; ornate candlesticks and lamp stands; gold rings and coins; illuminated copies of the Quran; architectural fragments and grave markers carved in geometric patterns; and garments of finely woven cloth. The Seljuks appeared not to be bothered as many factions fought each other to consolidate their reign. ." goods of the court would stun even today's standards of opulence: Arab horses contribution to, the universal decorative lexicon of the Middle Ages in the Near His vizier Nizm al-Mulk established Nizmyyah University in Baghdad. They helped standardize Islamic learning and in doing so they raised the status of the clergy and created a bureaucracy that gave them power. Seljq dynasty summary 1. Seljuk Empire Map, History and Facts In 1055 the Seljuk leader Tughril Bey entered *Baghdad and concluded a solemn treaty with the Abbasid caliph, who recognized him as "king of the East and the West," and granted him the title "sultan." An Analysis of Gender of Space in Historical Hospitals (Dar geometric or calligraphic patterns on all the decorative arts. WebThe Seljuk Empire in Persia was at its peak during the reign of Alp Arsalan and his son Malik Shah. 600 CE: Mecca at the Dawn of Islam Quran As the Ultimate Source of History Science section features not just Science but also Nature and Technology. 70101. Phoebe, a first generation Titaness in Greek mythology, Sargon the Great: History, Facts & Achievements, The Boston Massacre: The American Revolution. Under the Seljuk Turks in 11th and 12th centuries Merv was the greatest city in the Islamic world and was known as Merv, Queen of the World. It also believed to have been the inspiration for a number of tales in Thousand and One Nights. The main religious book of these people is Rigveda. Examples of famous Seljuk rulers (i.e. The Seljuk Empire is said to have reached its peak during the reign of Sultan Malikshah I. This distance was called menzil in Turkish, a word that means, among other things, "journey" in its archaic sense of "a day's travel". From their homelands near the Aral sea, the These wares most Wine is a sun in a garment of red Chinese silk However, the date of retrieval is often important. The collapse of the Ottoman empire in the wake of the First World War a century ago did not merely redraw the political map of the Encyclopedia.com. The Seljuk empire had few formal political institutions. Most of its scientific institutions and educational traditions were inherited from previous and The Empire existed from 1299 to 1923 as one of the major and lengthiest Empires in history. Bo, Type of Government The result was a strong, loyal, and militant class of Sunni scholars, who in turn influenced the tone and policy of Seljuk rule. Turkeys President Recep Tayyip Erdogan will open on Monday the Turkevi Center, a 36-story skyscraper located just across the street from UN headquarters. Mair Kshatriyas / Rajputs - Wikipedia The conflict, known as the Reconquista, spanned 781 years more than three times as long as the United States has existed. The building was completed in 1237. The Seljuk Empire lost places like Nicaea (iznki), Iconium (Konya), Antioch (Antakya) to the Princes Crusade. talents and flavors to the already complex and culturally-varied decorative > Combatants: Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Turks DEFINITIONS He also took into custody the Byzantine emperor Romanus IV Diogenes. Encyclopedia of the Worlds Religions edited by R.C. The Seljuks adopted and developed various institutions of military and civil administration which became the basis of much of the government structure in many of the states which succeeded them, including the *Ayyubids, the *Mamluk Sultanate, and the *Ottoman Empire; among the most important of these institutions was the military land-tenure system known as iq', which some scholars mistakenly call "Oriental feudalism." Source: Fausto Zonaro / Wikimedia Commons, Source: Jean Colombe - Adam Bishop / Wikimedia Commons /Public Domain, Source: Public Domain / Wikimedia Commons, ALSO READ: 50 of Americas Greatest War Heroes. This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been authorized by the copyright owner. WebThe Seljuq Empire controlled a vast area stretching from the Hindu Kush to eastern Anatolia and from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. WebThe Seljuks created a very large Middle Eastern empire and in pushing at the Byzabtine Empire gave Pope Urban II justification for unleashing the crusades. There were certain to be baths, a masjid, a cistern o fountain, an infirmary, a cookshop, a place for the storage of provisions, and shops. Middle East Technical University: Monuments of Konya; Middle East Technical University: Monuments of Sivas. Such was Malik-Shah Is fame that the Abbasid Caliph described him as The Sultan of the East and West in 1087. The Great Seljuk Empire emerged in the midst of division and chaos in the Islamic world. The Seljuk empire was not a centralized state but rather a group of semi-independent kingdoms ruled by members of the same extended family. An endogamous community comprising the elder sons families of ancient medes kings remained isolated from whole of the Indian nation and traded in Gold and diamonds named as Mair Kshatriyas. Unfortunately for the humiliated emperor, while he was held captive by the Seljuks, he was overthrown in a palace coup in Byzantium. Examples of rulers to hold the title of Sultan of Seljuk Empire include Malik Shah I (reign 1072-1092), Mahmud bin Malik Shah (reign- 1092-1094), and Muhammad I Tapar (1105-1118). The shapes They were used alone or often Ottoman Turks The majority of the figural elements are Seljuks managed to preserve elements of steppe culture even at the peak of their empire. Oghuz Turkic language was used as the every-day language of the court, and was widely used alongside Persian by the population of the empire. See Article History. Alternative Title: Seljuk. Seljuq, also spelled Seljuk, ruling military family of the Ouz (Ghuzz) Turkic tribes that invaded southwestern Asia in the 11th century and eventually founded an empire that included Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, and most of Iran. Seljuk Decline of The Seljuks followed the gazis into Anatolia in order to retain control over them. In the 15th century, Moorish power and territory waned. Seven of these building bean identifying inscriptions and one does not. The women of the Seljuk ruling house were very powerful, owing to the continuation of the Turkish nomadic custom. The religion that God set forth for Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and muammad proclaimed by the latter in Arabia in the 7th century, which enjoys the, The expansion of Islam historically embraces two phenomena. In other words, the Seljuks, like the Timurids and a number of other Turko-Mongolian dynasties, failed to solve the problem of succession without the division of the empire, and in the twelfth century the territory had become fragmented into a large number of principalities. There can, however, be no doubt about the long-term impact of the colleges on the pattern of learning and subsequent development of Sunni Islam. > Combatants: Roman Republic/Empire and the Parthians and the Sassanids in Persia Saljq), dynasty of Turkic origin which ruled *Iran and the surrounding countries in the 11th and 12th centuries. *Benjamin of Tudela, writing several years after the end of Seljuk power in central and eastern Persia, notes Jewish communities in Hamadan, Isfahan, Nahavand, and Shiraz. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods (1968); C. Cahen, Pre-Ottoman Turkey (tr. . Empire Books: Hillenbrand, Robert, ed. With all those divisions in the Seljuk Empire, the First Crusaders (1095-1099) hardly met any resistance when the crusaders run amok, seizing the territories of Syria and Palestine from Muslim control in 1098. The first ruler of the Seljuk Empire was Tughril (c. 993-1063), who was born Abu Talib Muhammad Tughril ibn Mikail. At first only a few Seljuks entered Asia Minor, but when they defeated the Byzantines at Malazgirt the floodgates opened and waves of Turkish immigrants poured in. Ottoman Empire and Turk Resources University of Michigan umich.edu/~turkis ; Turkish Studies, Turkic republics, regions, and peoples at University of Michigan umich.edu/~turkish/turkic ; Seljuk Empire Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. and cultural sphere of the Near East. Byzantine-Seljuq War Out of those victories, the Seljuks were able to establish an empire that would later become the Great Seljuk Empire. He appointed many of the professors himself, including the great Muslim thinker, Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali (d. 1111), who taught at the Nizamiyya college of Baghdad for a number of years. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Tugrul's successor, Mehmet ibn Daud (r. 1063-72)--better known as Alp Arslan, the "Lion Hero"--prepared for a campaign against the Shiite Fatimid caliphate in Egypt but was forced to divert his attention to Anatolia by the gazis , on whose endurance and mobility the Seljuks depended. Also during Malik-Shah IS reign, the capital was moved from Ray to Isfahan. Romanos was humiliated while held captive by the Seljuks. The Seljuks, therefore, had the sympathy of orthodox scholars and notables who facilitated their conquest in many places. The massive walls and supporting turret-towers give the building the appearance of a fortress. =. The Seljuks founded religious colleges (madrasas) to educate new generations of theologians in the spirit of orthodox Islam. which became the principal decorative element of their architecture. The Seljuks continued to expand as far as the Aegean Sea. Seljuks In Anatolia, Kilij Arslan I succeeded the Sultan. Under the Seljuk Sultan Alp Arslan, the Seljuk empire stretched from Afghanistan to Egypt and Merv became a city full of palaces, libraries, observatories, and canals that nourished parks and lush gardens. The Great Seljuk state was part of the medieval Islamic civilization. All Rights Reserved. As can be seen, the Jews were not selected especially for restrictive measures under the Seljuks, but rather were swept up in general anti-dhimm fervor, which also affected the more numerous Christians. As the Seljuk Empire increased in size, Sultan Alp Arslan and his viziers came up with a governance system of Atabek/Atabey/Atabeg (i.e. The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. According to Ibn a-Athir, an Arab chronicler, the Seljuks returned from the battle with vast riches and several tens of thousands of captives. Apart from an earlier brief period of Arab rule in the east, Anatolia was new to Islam, and the Seljuks were thus among the first to cultivate Islamic art and architecture in these lands. Because the Seljuk sultan rebelled several times, in 1255, the Mongols swept through It did not take too long for the Seljuk Empire to collapse. Those constructed in the early part of the century generally conford to a standard plan of a courtyard and enclosed arens covering the same amount of ground. WebThe Seljuk Empire or Seljuq Empire (Turkish: Byk Seluklu Devleti; Persian: , Daulat-i-Saljuqian; English: Seljuq Empire) was a medieval Turkish empire that lasted from They were a Mongol-like cavalry horde that were a law unto themselves and traveled with their animals wherever they wished, Konya was the capital of the Seljuk civilization. Planning, installation, operations, maintenance, project management and special projects of 4G/5G Radio Access Network, 2. For decades, Samsungs forward-thinking and diverse teams have pushed humanity aheadfrom cutting-edge home appliances and entertainment systems to mobile and the advancement of 5G, and all of the discoveries still to come. [Source: Metropolitan Museum of Art Suzan Yalman, Department of Education, The Metropolitan Museum of Artmetmuseum.org \^/], The Ala al-Din Mosque (11561220), the Karatay (1252) and Ince Minareli (1258) madrasas in Konya, the Sifahiye (121718) and Gk madrasas (1271) in Sivas, the Great Mosque and Hospital in Divrigi (122829), the Khuand Khatun complex in Kayseri (123738), and the Cifte Minareli Madrasa in Erzurum (1253) are among the important surviving examples of monumental Anatolian Seljuk architecture. The disintegration of the Seljuk Empire did not result from revolutionary Ismaili Shiism, but rather from the Turkish tribal practice of dividing the kingdom as the patrimony of the ruler among his male heirs. In some cases some independent atabegs in places that were formerly under firm control of the Seljuk Empire allied with the crusaders to fight against rival atabegs. WebSeljuk Art and Architecture in of Iran (ca. facilitated by the network of Seljuk hans, which, in essence, linked China to Konya. Views: 9265 Related Suggestions. [Source: Ken Johnson, New York Times, January 9, 2016 /*/], While all of this testifies to an aesthetically and technologically sophisticated culture, a nonspecialist might wonder what is distinctively Seljuqian about it what distinguishes it from, say, medieval Islamic arts and crafts in general. This trade encouraged the ." Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Turkey in Asia, 1920 wdl.org ; That is why Many artists settled in Anatolian cities, bringing their artistic traditions, Chapter 14 Hot Technologies in Todays Texas ceramic panels. Alp-Arslan famously defeated the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert. Alladddin Mosque and Ulu Mosque in Konya are fine examples of Seljuk architecture. Byzantine velvets were some of the most sought-after objects. In 1040, the Seljuks, who belonged to the Oghuz Turks, decisively defeated the Ghaznavid Sultan Masud under the leadership of two brothers, Tughril Beg and Chagri Beg. You are using an outdated browser. are symbols of this faith. Great Seljuks) include Tughril, Alp Arslan, and Malik Shah I | Image (L-R): Alp Arslan and Tughril. > Duration: 92 B.C.-A.D. 629 (721 years) By the 7 th centruy, these simple dormitories had developed into more complex establishments called ribat, a word that may be translated as "inn." Sultanates: Seljuk Most notable, however, was the Madrasa Nizamiya, founded in Baghdad by the great Seljuk vizier Nizam al-Mulk (r. 106392) to support Orthodox Sunni education (1067). Sultan Malik-Shah I died on November 19, 1092. Empire, imperial, and imperialism are ter, Babylonia (bbln), ancient empire of Mesopotamia. Animal Style of their forbearers. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. seljuk empire technology (We should remember, however, that the caliph's power was limited, so the extent of these measures may not have extended far beyond Baghdad.) A museum label explains that the popularity of such magical imagery may have had to do with anxiety over an unusual number of earthquakes and solar eclipses during the 12th century. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Suggested Online Resources: Middle East Technical University: Monuments of Kayseri This effectively ended Byzantine rule in Anatolia. The empire thus extended from the Oxus to the Mediterranean. During the 12 th and 13 th centuries the city acted as the capital of Seljuks and many public buildings, examples of Seljukian stone carving were built at that time. Study Resources. Seljuks were led by fierce and competent rulers that expanded their empire across Anatolia, establishing a provincial capital in Nicaea (Iznik), not far from the Byzantine capital of Constantinople, and engaged in commercial relations with Italian republics such as Venice. Also significant, though little known today due to few surviving examples, were the arts of the book.\^/, The Seljuks were also great patrons of architecture. The institution of caravanserais has its most variations in Seljuk Anatolia, using the forms of Anatolian stone architecture. Sultan Alp Arslan married one of the widows of his uncle Tughril Akka Khatun in 1063. Geometry: as in all Islamic art, geometry plays a key role. Nomadic invaders from Central Asia, the Seljuqs did not impose on their subjects a traditional aesthetic or religion of their own. Alp Arslans conversation with Byzantine Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes. It is another of those caravanserais whose massive portal and rowers give it the appearance of a fortified castle. By the mid-11th century, they had gone on to become the dominant power in the region, supplanting the Ghaznavids. The Seljuk Empire had its first major internal strife following the death of Sultan Malik-Shah I in 1092. > Duration: 1536-1825 (289 years) Much of the damage was financial. WebJul 2013 - Jan 20217 years 7 months. In the city there are ruins such as the Byzantine walls, the Seljuk fortifications, the Al-Eddin Mosque and the Perbane Madrasah, as well as the Sinop Museum. In 1058 the non-Muslims of Baghdad were forced to wear signs on their dress. Finding a qualified financial advisor doesnt have to be hard. Turks Before the Ottomans - the Seljuk Empire 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Seljuq Empire | Military Wiki | Fandom Contributions of Seljuks to Turkish History During Tughrils reign, the Seljuks marched on many places in western Iran. 10245.. London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2005. The office of "successor" to the prophet Muammad as the leader of the Muslim community is a uniquely Islamic institution. https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sultanates-seljuk, "Sultanates: Seljuk seljuk empire Rm - Europa Universalis 4 Wiki Empire Suzan Yalman of the Metropolitan Museum of Art wrote: Following their conquest of Baghdad in 1055, the Seljuk dynasty, descendants of the Central Asian Turkic Oghuz tribe, soon established hegemony over most of West Asia, including present-day Iran, Iraq, and Syria. These leaders established the observatory where Umar (Omar) Khayyam did much of his experimentation for a new calendar, and they built religious schools in all the major towns. At its peak, the Seljuk Empire covered areas from western Anatolia, the Levant, and many areas in Central Asia. They endured even after the Turks adopted Islam Beginning in 1059, he served as the governor of Khorasan. WebEEStors advanced capacitor technology works and if it becomes commercially accepted, then EEStor may become the definition of disruptive technology or unexpected All the distinguishing features of the Konya-Aksaray caravanserai are repeated here. In Syria, Maliks brother Tutush I became sultan, and in Persia, his son Mahmud I took the reins of power. This constitutes 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. Sinop - Namuwiki They founded the Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern Era and remained sociopolitically the most dominant group in the Empire for the duration (c. 1299/13021922). Boyle, The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. World Religions edited by Geoffrey Parrinder (Facts on File Publications, New York); Arab News, Jeddah; Islam, a Short History by Karen Armstrong; A History of the Arab Peoples by Albert Hourani (Faber and Faber, 1991); Encyclopedia of the World Cultures edited by David Levinson (G.K. Hall & Company, New York, 1994). traditions of their predecessors, the Great Seljuks of Iran, which in turn drew The rulers of the Seljuk dynasty were known as the Great Seljuk. inspiration from Turkish Central Asian art and the existing Islamic art Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Turkic Seljuk rulers adopted and supported local Perso-Islamic traditions, and Seljuk art is recognized for weaving together Persian, Islamic, and Central AsianTurkic elements. Subsequently he was treated nicely and later freed. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Especially notable were the works produced in Kashan, in the luster and minai techniques. . Some of them are still referred to by the name sultanhan who others acquired local names to distinguish them. > Killed: 7 million On the basis of the examples remaining and other evidence, this menzil seems to have averaged about 30 kilometre the equivalent, under normal conditions, of a six-hour journey to which another two hours had to be added for arduous travel in regions like deserts. Empire Seljuk leaders maintained order on the local level through amirs, nomadic military regimes that were mostly independent and took in revenues mostly for themselves, and ulumas, Muslim clerics who used their influence to gain political power in a way not unlike modern Ayatollahs. They used brick with great sophistication to create arches and domes as well as complex surface patterns. The most frequent design seen is the so-called "Seljuk star". HISTORY 434. The transformed congregational mosque in Isfahan whose additions were commissioned by Nizam al-Mulk and Taj al-Mulk, two Seljuk administrators, for Sultan Malikshah (r. 107392) and his wife Terkan Khatun, was the most celebrated and influential Seljuk monument. For 260 years, the Byzantines and Seljuks Ottoman Turks Osmanl Trkleri 12991922 Painting of an Ottoman Turk Sipahi Total population 7.000.000, 1831 12.590.352, 1884 15.044.846, 1914 The victory in effect removed the influence Byzantium had in Anatolia. One outstanding example of the selective and far from consistent implementation of the Covenant of Omar was the Jewish tax-farmer Ibn Alln, one of Nim al-Mulk's protgs, who was executed by some of the latter's opponents in 107980. WebSamsung is at the forefront of innovation, developing technologies that bring people together. > Fought in: Spain. The Byzantine Empire was involved in more than two centuries-long conflicts, the longest being the war with the Seljuk Turks. Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Features of Seljuk architecture include gateways with monumental stalactites known as muqarnas. Wikipedia article on the Turkish People Wikipedia ; They built palaces, mosques, madrasas and hospitals in Islamic architectural styles. Ismaili militants assassinated both Nizam al-Mulk and Malekshah in the same year, 1092, which marked the end the unified empire. The culmination of this line of development is the massive caravanserais that the Seljuks built in Anatolia. *, Each year the gazis cut deeper into Byzantine territory, raiding and taking booty according to their tradition. If youre ready to be matched with local advisors that can help you achieve your financial goals, get started now. In the arts, continued use of luster- and overglaze-painted tiles, as well as creations in wood and metal, are especially noteworthy. For 260 years, the Byzantines and Seljuks lost and retook territory in Asia Minor and the surrounding areas. Upon the death of Sultan Alp Arslan, his son and heir Malik Shah I became sultan of the Seljuk Empire. Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. The first is the expansion of Islamic statesthat is, states whose ruling elite consisted, Jihad (April 27, 2023). His death came while hunting. Agzikara Han is probably one of the most important "ordinary" khans and the degree of its workmanship approches that of the royal khans. Under Alp-Arslan and Malik-Shah, the empire came to include all of Iran, Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine; Alp-Arslans victory Costa Mesa, Calif.: Mazda Publishers, 1994. Introducing The Great Seljuk Empire - Edinburgh University Press